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Conflict detection Definitions Conflict: Predicted converging of aircraft in space and time which constitutes a violation of a given set of separation minima.Conflict detection: The discovery of a conflict as a result of a conflict search.Conflict search: ...

Runway changes can improve aerodrome efficiency but require careful coordination to ensure a smooth transition. The Tower controller is responsible for initiating a runway change, ensuring all affected units are informed, and managing the transition effectivel...

An emergency is any situation that poses an immediate risk to an aircraft or its occupants. ATC must provide immediate assistance, unrestricted airspace, and minimal interference from other traffic. Emergency Declarations Pilots use the following standard ph...

Aircraft identification is a fundamental task in air traffic control, ensuring accurate tracking, communication, and coordination between controllers and pilots. Before issuing any ATC clearance in a Surveillance Services environment, an aircraft must be posit...

Description of Level ATC instructions or clearances may contain a specific level to comply with. Levels are transmitted using the following formats: FLIGHT LEVEL (Number) (Number) METRES (Number) FEET This (level) description will be used throughout ...

Initial IFR Clearance Request Every flight under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) must receive an initial IFR clearance. This clearance approves the flight plan and allows the flight to proceed. Clearances Shall Contain: Aircraft identification Clearance li...

Departure Instructions ATC Departure Instructions: [AFTER DEPARTURE] TURN RIGHT (or LEFT) HEADING (three digits) (or CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING) (or TRACK EXTENDED CENTRE LINE) TO (level or significant point) [(other instructions as required)] AFTER REACHING...

Altitude Management to Maintain Separation ATC Instructions to Maintain a Level Before Any Change: MAINTAIN (level) [TO (significant point)] MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL PASSING (significant point) MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL (minutes) AFTER PASSING (significant po...

Initial IFR Departure Clearance Every flight that is intended to be operated under Instrument Flight Rules has to receive an initial IFR clearance. When receiving your initial clearance, your flight plan is approved and you can perform your flight. Clearance...

Departure Instructions for Controllers Controllers may provide detailed departure instructions when required. Expect to receive departure instructions in the following format: Takeoff Clearance Format (Aircraft Identification) [Unit Identification] (Spec...

Classification of Instrument Approaches Segments of an Instrument Approach: Arrival Segment This segment represents the transition from the enroute phase to the approach phase of the flight. Initial Approach Segment This segment begins at the Initial Appr...

Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) Controller Guide What is A-CDM? A-CDM is a tool that encourages virtual pilots, controllers, and dispatchers to coordinate more effectively in an online flight simulation environment. By sharing essential departu...

Altitude Band Airspace Class Minimum Flight Visibility Minimum Distance from Clouds Additional Control Zone Requirement At and above 3050m or 10000ft AMSL A, B, C, D, E, F, G 8 km 1500 m horizontally, 300 m or 1000 ft vertically 5 km gro...

VFR Operations: Entry, Exit & Transit Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights primarily navigate using visual references such as roads, rivers, and landmarks. Specific VFR charts provide essential guidance, including entry/exit routes, compulsory reporting points, ...

VFR Traffic Circuit Operations A traffic circuit (or traffic pattern) is a standard flight path used by aircraft operating at uncontrolled airfields and some controlled aerodromes. The circuit provides a structured approach and departure system that enhances ...

VFR Holding Air Traffic Control (ATC) may require VFR aircraft to hold over a specific area due to congestion or sequencing issues. The term "ORBIT" is used to instruct aircraft to circle a designated point until further notice. Pilots must remain in the orbi...

Practice Area Position Report A good practice area position report ensures that other pilots operating in the same vicinity can accurately visualize your location and movements. Best Practices for Position Reporting: Before entering a practice area, inqui...

Night VFR (NVFR) refers to visual flight operations conducted at night. The applicable period is from the beginning of civil twilight to the end of civil dawn. Accurate timing for these periods can be referenced in published tables. Key Considerations for Con...

When a VFR aircraft requests to cross Class C or Class D airspace, the following conditions must be met: Aircraft Identification: The aircraft must be assigned a squawk code. Routing & Altitude Considerations: The aircraft's flight path should avoid direct...

Helicopters operate under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and, in some cases, Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), though IFR operations are less common. While they follow many of the same procedures as fixed-wing aircraft, there are key differences due to their ability t...