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Initial IFR Departure Clearance Every flight that is intended to be operated under Instrument Flight Rules has to receive an initial IFR clearance. When receiving your initial clearance, your flight plan is approved and you can perform your flight. Clearance...

Departure Instructions for Controllers Controllers may provide detailed departure instructions when required. Expect to receive departure instructions in the following format: Takeoff Clearance Format (Aircraft Identification) [Unit Identification] (Spec...

Classification of Instrument Approaches Segments of an Instrument Approach: Arrival Segment This segment represents the transition from the enroute phase to the approach phase of the flight. Initial Approach Segment This segment begins at the Initial Appr...

Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) Controller Guide What is A-CDM? A-CDM is a tool that encourages virtual pilots, controllers, and dispatchers to coordinate more effectively in an online flight simulation environment. By sharing essential departu...

Altitude Band Airspace Class Minimum Flight Visibility Minimum Distance from Clouds Additional Control Zone Requirement At and above 3050m or 10000ft AMSL A, B, C, D, E, F, G 8 km 1500 m horizontally, 300 m or 1000 ft vertically 5 km gro...

VFR Operations: Entry, Exit & Transit Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights primarily navigate using visual references such as roads, rivers, and landmarks. Specific VFR charts provide essential guidance, including entry/exit routes, compulsory reporting points, ...

VFR Traffic Circuit Operations A traffic circuit (or traffic pattern) is a standard flight path used by aircraft operating at uncontrolled airfields and some controlled aerodromes. The circuit provides a structured approach and departure system that enhances ...

VFR Holding Air Traffic Control (ATC) may require VFR aircraft to hold over a specific area due to congestion or sequencing issues. The term "ORBIT" is used to instruct aircraft to circle a designated point until further notice. Pilots must remain in the orbi...

Practice Area Position Report A good practice area position report ensures that other pilots operating in the same vicinity can accurately visualize your location and movements. Best Practices for Position Reporting: Before entering a practice area, inqui...

Night VFR (NVFR) refers to visual flight operations conducted at night. The applicable period is from the beginning of civil twilight to the end of civil dawn. Accurate timing for these periods can be referenced in published tables. Key Considerations for Con...

When a VFR aircraft requests to cross Class C or Class D airspace, the following conditions must be met: Aircraft Identification: The aircraft must be assigned a squawk code. Routing & Altitude Considerations: The aircraft's flight path should avoid direct...

Helicopters operate under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and, in some cases, Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), though IFR operations are less common. While they follow many of the same procedures as fixed-wing aircraft, there are key differences due to their ability t...

A METAR is a coded weather report issued at a specific time for an aerodrome, providing real-time weather conditions along with a short-term trend forecast. These reports are typically updated every hour or at specified intervals, with SPECI reports issued for...

ATIS provides pilots with up-to-date airport information, including weather conditions, active runways, available approaches (e.g., ILS, RNP), transition level (TRL), and any other relevant operational details. Pilots can access ATIS via radio frequency or thr...

TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast) is a weather forecast specifically for airports, detailing expected meteorological conditions relevant to flight operations. It predicts changes in specific weather parameters over a defined forecast period, which may vary fro...

The Role of Coordination Coordination helps controllers stay aware of aircraft that are about to enter their jurisdiction and ensure they will operate in a predictable manner, which allows for easier planning of sequencing and separation. Controllers must eng...

Effective coordination between ATC units is essential for safe and efficient air traffic management. While many procedures are defined in SOPs, some situations require direct controller-to-controller coordination to handle non-standard operations effectively. ...

Upstream and Downstream Sectors Upstream Sector: The sector an aircraft is coming from before entering the current sector. Downstream Sector: The sector an aircraft is heading to after leaving the current sector. ExampleIf an aircraft transitions throug...

A structured and informative handover ensures a smooth transition when transferring control of a sector. This is especially critical during high-traffic periods and events, where situational awareness must be maintained. WEST Principle for Tower Handovers ...

Upon obtaining your student rating, you will advance to Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS) training and eventually qualify to provide AFIS within your assigned virtual Area Control Center (vACC). This manual serves as a reference throughout your train...