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A METAR is a coded weather report issued at a specific time for an aerodrome, providing real-time weather conditions along with a short-term trend forecast. These reports are typically updated every hour or at specified intervals, with SPECI reports issued for...

ATIS provides pilots with up-to-date airport information, including weather conditions, active runways, available approaches (e.g., ILS, RNP), transition level (TRL), and any other relevant operational details. Pilots can access ATIS via radio frequency or thr...

TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast) is a weather forecast specifically for airports, detailing expected meteorological conditions relevant to flight operations. It predicts changes in specific weather parameters over a defined forecast period, which may vary fro...

The Role of Coordination Coordination helps controllers stay aware of aircraft that are about to enter their jurisdiction and ensure they will operate in a predictable manner, which allows for easier planning of sequencing and separation. Controllers must eng...

Effective coordination between ATC units is essential for safe and efficient air traffic management. While many procedures are defined in SOPs, some situations require direct controller-to-controller coordination to handle non-standard operations effectively. ...

Upstream and Downstream Sectors Upstream Sector: The sector an aircraft is coming from before entering the current sector. Downstream Sector: The sector an aircraft is heading to after leaving the current sector. ExampleIf an aircraft transitions throug...

A structured and informative handover ensures a smooth transition when transferring control of a sector. This is especially critical during high-traffic periods and events, where situational awareness must be maintained. WEST Principle for Tower Handovers ...

Upon obtaining your student rating, you will advance to Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS) training and eventually qualify to provide AFIS within your assigned virtual Area Control Center (vACC). This manual serves as a reference throughout your train...

IFR flights are permitted at uncontrolled aerodromes if the following criteria are met: The aerodrome has published IFR approach procedures. A Radio Mandatory Zone (RMZ) is established in Class G airspace surrounding the aerodrome. While AFIS officers d...

Military Operations on VATSIM: An Overview for ATC This guide provides an overview of common military operations on VATSIM, specifically for ATC. It is important to note that some operations are restricted to pilots who are part of Virtual Special Operations ...

Overhead join/ run and break how you cannot separate traffic using normal means Squawk code ripple formation flights MARSA SAR AAR Danger areas GCI

Classification of Airspace ATS airspace is classified and designated in accordance with the following: Class A. IFR flights only are permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated from each other. Class B. IFR and VFR...

Aircraft Description ICAO Doc 8643 provides data on aircraft such as the Manufacturer, Model, Type designator, etc. One of the items is called Description and is a three-symbol code containing basic data about the aircraft: The first symbol describes the a...

General The general principles of air traffic control are the same regardless of whether procedural or surveillance methods are used (i.e. the controller monitors the traffic situations, detects and solves conflicts by providing separation, and ensures orderl...