Visual Separation

Visual separation refers to two types of separation procedures used in different scenarios:

1. Visual separation in the vicinity of aerodromes – Relevant primarily for tower controllers and, in some cases, approach controllers.

2. Delegation of separation to pilots during climb or descent – Relevant for approach controllers.

Visual Separation in the Vicinity of Aerodromes

Radar separation (excluding wake turbulence separation and runway separation) may be reduced near an aerodrome if one of the following conditions is met:

• The tower controller has continuous visual contact with both aircraft and provides traffic information to at least one of them.

• Both pilots have the other aircraft in sight and confirm they can maintain adequate separation.

• If one aircraft is following another, the following pilot reports they have the leading aircraft in sight and can maintain separation.

The terms “vicinity of the aerodrome” and “adequate separation” are not explicitly defined, so controllers must use discretion, such as when avoiding a missed approach where minimum separation could be compromised.

Delegation of Separation During Climb or Descent

Under specific conditions, responsibility for separation between two aircraft may be delegated to the pilots.

• Own separation is applied:
  • upon crew request;
  • in airspace classes D and E only;
  • at or below 10,000 ft;
  • during climb or descent;
• All flights must be in VMC (they may fly under IFR though);
• All pilots must agree to the use of own separation;
• Alternative instructions should be given to IFR flights if it is considered that VMC may not be maintained for the whole duration of the clearance.

Phraseology Example: Own Separation - Final

Own separation is NOT to be used:

• On controller's initiative;
• In airspace classes A, B and C;
• At night;
• In IMC;
• Above 10,000 ft;
• If all aircraft are maintaining their level;
• If the use of own separation is not agreed by all pilots concerned.